What does the term 'surcharge' mean in sewer system management?

The term 'surcharge' in sewer system management specifically refers to situations where there is an excess flow in the system, which can occur during heavy rainfall or due to other conditions that result in inflows exceeding the system's capacity. This excess flow can lead to backups and overflows, potentially resulting in raw sewage entering public spaces or natural waterways, causing environmental and public health issues. Understanding this term is crucial for maintaining the integrity and functionality of the sewer system, as it highlights the importance of proper capacity planning and management to prevent overwhelming the infrastructure. In this context, it reflects the challenges sewer systems face in handling stormwater, which can significantly impact operational effectiveness and maintenance requirements.